Respiratory infections: Your prevention guide

Respiratory infections rank among the most common illnesses encountered in primary care. Each year, millions of workdays are lost due to adults experiencing symptoms like fever, cough, and nasal congestion, or from tending to sick children. While preventing every minor illness may not be feasible, we can collectively strive to shield ourselves and vulnerable community members from potentially life-threatening illnesses. 

 

Respiratory tract infections overview 

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) encompass a wide range of illnesses that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, airways, and lungs. The symptoms and treatment can vary depending on the specific type of infection and its severity. Upper respiratory tract infections encompass a variety of conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis. While lower respiratory tract infections often present more severe symptoms like persistent cough, sputum, fever, or breathlessness.  

Certain viruses causing upper respiratory infections can also affect the lower tract, including influenza, RSV, and COVID-19. Bacterial lower respiratory infections commonly lead to pneumonia, while chronic conditions like asthma can provoke coughing and shortness of breath. Distinguishing between these respiratory infections is crucial, as their treatments differ significantly.  

 

Virus vs bacteria 

Both viruses and bacteria can cause respiratory infections. Both viruses and bacteria are highly contagious. They are spread via coughing, sneezing, or contact with infected individuals. However, they operate through distinct mechanisms.  

Viruses are often considered non-living. They rely on host cells to replicate, spreading symptoms throughout the body. Conversely, bacteria are living organisms capable of independent replication, typically causing localized symptoms.  

Think of viruses as tiny hijackers—they invade our cells and use them as factories to make more copies of themselves, spreading symptoms throughout our bodies like unwanted guests at a party. On the other hand, bacteria are more like independent freelancers, capable of multiplying on their own and causing trouble right where they set up shop. For example, bacterial strep throat tends to be localized to your throat only while the rest of your body remains pain-free. 

The differences between viruses and bacteria mean that antibiotics will be ineffective in fighting a viral infection, and antivirals won't be effective in fighting a bacterial infection. 

 

Respiratory infection prevention 

Let's break it down into simple steps you can take to safeguard your health: 

1. Practice Good Hand Hygiene: One of the simplest yet most effective ways to prevent respiratory infections is by washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds - the approximate length of the Happy Birthday song. If soap and water are unavailable, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content. 
2. Maintain Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when you cough or sneeze to prevent the spread of respiratory droplets. Dispose of used tissues promptly and sanitize your hands afterward. 
3. Boost Your Immune System: A strong immune system is your body's first line of defense against infections. Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Get regular exercise, prioritize sufficient sleep, and manage stress effectively to support your immune health. 
4. Stay Up-to-Date with Vaccinations: Vaccinations are a vital tool in preventing respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. Stay current with recommended vaccines and consult your Sanitas healthcare provider for guidance on additional vaccines that may be beneficial for you. 
5. Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals: If possible, steer clear of individuals who are exhibiting symptoms of respiratory infections. Maintain a safe distance, especially in crowded settings, to reduce the risk of transmission. 
6. Disinfect High-Touch Surfaces: Frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces in your home and workplace, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronic devices. Use EPA-approved disinfectants and follow the manufacturer's instructions for effective use. 
7. Seek Prompt Medical Attention: If you develop symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat, or difficulty breathing, seek medical care promptly. Early intervention can help prevent complications and limit the spread of illness to others. 

You can significantly reduce your risk of contracting and spreading respiratory infections by incorporating these preventive measures into your daily life. Protecting yourself also means protecting those around you, particularly the most vulnerable members of our communities.  

 

Symptoms and Treatment 

Respiratory tract infections cover a wide range of illnesses affecting your breathing passages. From the annoying sniffles of a common cold to the more serious symptoms of pneumonia, these infections vary in severity and treatment. Here are some general symptoms and treatment options to keep in mind.  

 

Respiratory infections symptoms may include: 

• Cough: A persistent cough is one of the hallmark symptoms of respiratory tract infections. It may be dry or produce mucus, depending on the underlying cause. 
• Sore throat: Many RTIs, particularly those caused by viruses like the common cold or influenza, can lead to throat irritation and discomfort. 
• Nasal congestion: Congestion or stuffiness in the nasal passages is common, especially in infections like the common cold or sinusitis. 
• Runny nose: Excessive nasal discharge, often accompanied by sneezing, is a common symptom of RTIs. 
• Fever: Fever is the body's natural response to infection and can accompany various respiratory tract infections. 
• Shortness of breath: In more severe cases, particularly those involving the lower respiratory tract (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia), individuals may experience difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. 
• Chest pain: Chest discomfort or pain can occur with certain respiratory infections, especially those affecting the lungs. 
• Fatigue: Feeling tired or fatigued is a common symptom of many infections, including respiratory tract infections. 

 

Respiratory infections treatment may include: 

• Rest: Adequate rest is crucial for allowing the body to fight off infections. Get plenty of sleep and avoid overexertion. 
• Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, herbal teas, and broths, to stay hydrated and help loosen congestion. 
• Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications: Depending on your symptoms, OTC medications such as pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) and decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine) may provide relief. Always follow the recommended dosage and consult a healthcare professional if you have any questions or concerns. 
• Warm Saltwater Gargle: Gargling with warm salt water can help soothe a sore throat and reduce inflammation. 
• Humidifier Use: Using a humidifier or steam inhalation can help moisten the air and ease nasal congestion. 
• Antibiotics (if bacterial): If a bacterial infection is suspected (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, bacterial sinusitis), your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics. However, antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections like the common cold or influenza. 
• Antiviral Medications (if applicable): In some cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat certain viral respiratory infections, such as influenza. 
• Seek Medical Attention: If you experience severe symptoms, worsening of symptoms, or signs of complications (e.g., difficulty breathing, chest pain), seek prompt medical attention. 

Do you think you're coming down with a respiratory infection? In that case, it's best to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment recommendations tailored to your specific situation.  

 

Get treated at Sanitas 

If you need medical attention related to a respiratory infection or other illness, call 1-844-665-4827 to schedule a visit with your Sanitas Care Team. You can also be seen without an appointment at any Sanitas Urgent Care Center or use the mySanitas app to get virtual care 24/7. 

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